‘Though their causes be not yet discover’d’: occult principles in the making of Newton’s natural philosophy

This thesis aims to provide a fuller understanding of a highly important but still controversial aspect of Isaac Newton’s natural philosophy: the role of occult, or at least non-mechanical, principles in his natural philosophy. The most obvious of these was his belief that gravity was an attractive force which operated across empty space, and so was an occult actio in distans. But there are other aspects of Newton’s work which would have been regarded by Cartesian contemporaries as occult; such as his belief that light can be an active component within bodies, that light and other matter can be converted into one another, and that bodies are not inert and passive but manifest various principles of activity. R. S. Westfall, suggested in the 1970s that Newton’s unprecedented success as a natural philosopher was due to the fact that he combined two seemingly antithetical traditions of natural knowledge, the mechanical tradition, and what he called the Hermetic tradition. This thesis replaces Westfall’s outdated notion of a “Hermetic” tradition with broader occult or natural magical traditions and shows how they formed the context within which Newton’s own work was formed. The thesis is not primarily a study of Newton’s work but a study of the work of earlier English thinkers who can be seen to have established the occult traditions which were subsequently taken up by Newton. Each chapter, therefore, focuses on a different aspect of occult ways of thinking in natural philosophy during the early modern period, and finally shows, in the conclusion to each chapter, how these ideas appeared in Newton’s work, and, as Westfall suggested, contributed to his unprecedented success. Over six chapters the thesis considers theories that the world system is a network of radiating forces analogous to light rays, that gravity is an attractive force analogous to magnetism and operates at a distance, that matter has the power to attract and repel other matter, or has the power to incessantly emit active material effluvia, or the power to vibrate. It also shows how beliefs about the mathematical principles of natural philosophy, and the usefulness of the experimental method made possible, and supported, these theories about occult principles. The focus is on English thinkers and developments in English natural philosophy. This is not just an arbitrary choice but reflects sympathetic attitudes to occult ways of thinking in English thought which are shown to derive from the first natural philosophers in England to acquire international reputations since the Middle Ages, John Dee, Francis Bacon, and William Gilbert. Writing before the mechanical philosophy was conceived, these three thinkers all embraced occult ideas and left them as a legacy for subsequent English thinkers, up to and including Newton. The thesis shows that the combination of occult and mechanical traditions discerned in Newton’s work by Westfall was in fact highly typical of English thinkers who combined occult ideas deriving from Dee, Bacon, and Gilbert, with the emerging mechanical philosophy. This marked trend in English natural philosophy reached its culminating point in the work of Newton, but Newton’s achievement was only possible because of what had gone before. The thesis shows, therefore, that Newton’s achievement crucially depended upon this English background

Analysis of heat transfer and thermal environment in a rural residential building for addressing energy poverty

Reducing energy consumption and creating a comfortable thermal indoor environment in rural residential buildings can play a key role in fighting global warming in China. As a result of economic development, rural residents are building new houses and modernizing existing buildings. This paper investigated and analyzed a typical rural residential building in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in Northwest China through field measurements and numerical simulation. The results showed that making full use of solar energy resources is an important way to improve the indoor temperature. Reasonable building layout and good thermal performance of the building envelope can reduce wind velocities and convective heat loss. Insulation materials and double-glazed windows should be used to reduce energy loss in new buildings, although it is an evolution process in creating thermally efficient buildings in rural China. This research provides a reference for the design and construction of rural residential buildings in Northwest China and similar areas for addressing energy poverty

Curcumin inhibits migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells through up-regulation of miR-206 and suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Curcumin has been proved to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, little is known about antimetastatic effects and molecular mechanisms of curcumin in NSCLC. In this study, we investigated the involvement of miR-206 in curcumin’s anti-invasion and anti-migration in NSCLC. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed by wound healing assay and transwell assay. MiRNA-206 expression was detected by real-time PCR. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Curcumin significantly inhibited migration and invasion in A549 cells, accompanied by significantly elevated miR-206 expression. Overexpression of miR-206 could inhibit migration and invasion of A549 cells, but it could also significantly decrease the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and AKT. The inhibition of miR-206 promoted cell migration, invasion and increased the phosphorylation level of mTOR and AKT. Furthermore, miR-206 mimics improved the inhibitory effects of curcumin on cell migration, invasion and the phosphorylation level of mTOR and AKT in A549 cells. On the contrary, MiR-206 inhibitors reversed the inhibitory effects of curcumin on cell migration, invasion and the phosphorylation level of mTOR and AKT. In conclusion, curcumin inhibited cell invasion and migration in NSCLC by elevating the expression of miR-206 which further suppressed the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

Interaction of Avelox with Bovine Serum Albumin and Effect of the Coexistent Drugs on the Reaction

The interaction between Avelox and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated at different temperatures by fluorescence spectroscopy. Results showed that Avelox could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA strongly, and the quenching mechanism was a static quenching process with Förester spectroscopy energy transfer. The electrostatic force played an important role on the conjugation reaction between BSA and Avelox. The order of magnitude of binding constants (Ka) was 104, and the number of binding site (n) in the binary system was approximately equal to 1. The binding distance (r) was less than 3 nm and the primary binding site for Avelox was located in subdomain IIA of BSA. Synchronous fluorescence spectra clearly revealed that the microenvironment of amino acid residues and the conformation of BSA were changed during the binding reaction. In addition, the effect of some antibiotics on the binding constant of Avelox with BSA was also studied

Fast growth of monolayer organic 2D crystals and their application in organic transistors

Growth of monolayer 2D organic crystal has been an interesting topic in recent years owing to their promising properties. However, it is still a tough challenge to obtain the 2D organic crystal with precise thickness control and uniform morphology. Herein, we reported the fabrication of 2D crystals of alkane molecules C44H90 with only monolayer thickness and tunable size through the simple dip-coating process. Benefitted from the low solubility of the C44H90 and the isotropic Van der Waals interaction, quadrilateral-shape monolayer 2D crystals with size from several micrometers to nearly hundreds of micrometers can be achieved in the dip-coating process. Utilized the X-ray diffraction and high resolution atomic force microscopy, we obtained the clear packing mode of these monolayer crystals. In addition, these smooth 2D crystals show promising application in the thin film transistors by acting as a molecular template layer. It leads to an increment of about one magnitude on the charge mobility owing to the decreasing of both morphology defects and interface traps.</p

Hyperspectral Imaging and Their Applications in the Nondestructive Quality Assessment of Fruits and Vegetables

Over the past decade, hyperspectral imaging has been rapidly developing and widely used as an emerging scientific tool in nondestructive fruit and vegetable quality assessment. Hyperspectral imaging technique integrates both the imaging and spectroscopic techniques into one system, and it can acquire a set of monochromatic images at almost continuous hundreds of thousands of wavelengths. Many researches based on spatial image and/or spectral image processing and analysis have been published proposing the use of hyperspectral imaging technique in the field of quality assessment of fruits and vegetables. This chapter presents a detailed overview of the introduction, latest developments and applications of hyperspectral imaging in the nondestructive assessment of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, the principal components, basic theories, and corresponding processing and analytical methods are also reported in this chapter